Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania Chapter

Collateral Consequences in the State of Pennsylvania

Although the Pennsylvania Juvenile Act limits public access juvenile court records and juvenile arrest records,[1] youth still suffer collateral consequences as a result of juvenile adjudications. Currently, thereis no statutory collection of collateral consequences for juvenile adjudications of delinquency, which leaves many juveniles, attorneys, and families unaware of the inevitable barriers to the juvenile’s future successes. Moreover, no law mandates that attorneys, judges, or juvenile probation officers inform juveniles of these potential collateral consequences.

An adjudication of delinquency in Pennsylvania can affect later court proceedings, employment opportunities, access to financial aid, public benefits, and the child welfare system, in addition to the ability to enlist in the military or receive a driver’s license.

Understanding the Justice System

Pennsylvania’s juvenile court jurisdiction includes juveniles between the ages of ten and twenty-one years old who are alleged to have committed a delinquent act before reaching eighteen years of age.[2] When a Pennsylvania juvenile court finds a juvenile responsible for a criminal act, the court will adjudicate the juvenile “delinquent.”[3] Pennsylvania does not treat adjudications as convictions. [4] As such, adjudications “do not impose any civil disability ordinarily resulting from a conviction or operate to disqualify the child in any civil service application or appointment.”[5]

In some situations, juveniles may be tried as adults. For example, a juvenile court may transfer a juvenile who is fourteen or older if the court finds that there is a prima facie case that, (1) the child committed the delinquent act; (2) the act would be considered a felony if committed by an adult; (3) there are reasonable grounds to believe the public interest is served by the transfer; and (4) there are reasonable grounds to believe that the child is not committable to an institution for the mentally ill.[6] Prior to the transfer, however, a hearing must be held at which the juvenile has access to counsel.[7] A juvenile is only automatically transferred to the adult criminal system if accused of murder, or if fifteen years of age or older at the time of the offense and accused of using a deadly weapon during the commission of one of the following offenses: rape, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, aggravated assault, robbery, aggravated indecent assault, kidnapping, voluntary manslaughter, or an attempt or conspiracy to commit murder or any other previously listed crime.[8] If fifteen years of age or older and previously adjudicated delinquent for any of the above-listed crimes prior to the current charge, the juvenile will also be transferred to adult court for criminal proceedings.[9]

If a juvenile is not transferred to adult court, but is fourteen years of age or older at the time of the offense, and the offense would be a felony if committed by an adult, the courtroom proceedings will be open to the general public.[10]  Likewise, proceedings will be open to the public if a juvenile was twelve years of age or older at the time of certain alleged offenses as enumerated by statute.[11]  The proceedings may subsequently be closed upon agreement between the juvenile and the commonwealth’s attorney.[12]

Notification of Collateral Consequences of Juvenile Records

There is no statutory authority directing any member of the juvenile justice system to notify youth, a youth’s parents, or attorneys of the collateral consequences of any type of court involvement, including adjudications of delinquency.

Treatment of Juvenile Arrest Records

Are fingerprints of juveniles taken upon arrest?

Law enforcement officers have the authority to take fingerprints and/or photographs when a juvenile, ten years of age or older, is alleged to have committed a misdemeanor or felony.[13]

Where are juvenile arrest records stored?

Juvenile arrest records are stored in the Pennsylvania State Police Central Registry, which is accessible through the web-based computer application called “Pennsylvania Access to Criminal History” (“P.A.T.C.H.”). P.A.T.C.H. is the computer application that allows access the Pennsylvania State Police’s criminal history information.

Are juvenile arrest records made public?

            Arrest records are not open to public inspection or disclosed to the public unless a juvenile was fourteen years of age or older at the time of the offense and the conduct is considered a felony if committed by an adult.[14] Records may be opened or disclosed if a juvenile was twelve or thirteen years old at the time of the conduct and committed one of the following offenses: murder, voluntary manslaughter, aggravated assault, arson, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, kidnapping, rape, robbery, or attempt or conspiracy to commit these offenses.[15]  If juvenile arrest records meet the requirements for disclosure, a law enforcement agency may disclose the name, age and address of a juvenile, the offenses charged and the disposition of the case.  Juvenile arrest records are also disclosed to the public if national security requires it or if the court finds it in the interest of the juvenile to release the information.[16]

What information does a juvenile arrest record contain?

A juvenile’s arrest record contains the juvenile’s name, age, arrest history, specific offenses and the charges brought, disposition of the case, fingerprints, DNA sample information, and photographs. Arrest records do not include intelligence, investigative, or treatment information.[17]

Who has the authority To See Juvenile Arrest Data?

In most circumstances, juvenile arrest data is not available to the public unless the matter is transferred for criminal prosecution, national security requires disclosure, or the court orders disclosure in the best interest of the child. Juvenile arrest records may be available to the public if a juvenile is fourteen or older and the offense charged with a felony offense, or if the juvenile is twelve or thirteen years old and charged with either murder, voluntary manslaughter, aggravated assault, arson, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, kidnapping, rape, robbery, or attempt or conspire to commit the same.[18] Arrest records, as part of the child’s law enforcement record, may be inspected by a court hearing a case regarding the child, the counsel for a party to the proceeding, the officers of institutions or agencies to whom the child is committed, law enforcement officers of other jurisdictions when necessary for the discharge of their official duties, or for sentencing purposes in a court where the child has been convicted of a criminal offense.[19] Juvenile arrest records can also be inspected by officials of penal institutions and other penal facilities to which s/he is committed or by the juvenile’s parole board in the performance of its duties.[20]

Treatment of Juvenile Court Records

At what point in the court process do records begin?

In Pennsylvania’s juvenile justice system, a court record is created once a petition has been filed with the court. A petition is the formal application made to a court in writing that requests action on a certain matter and can be brought by any person, including a law enforcement officer.

Where are juvenile records stored?

Depending on the county in question, either the Clerk of Courts or the Juvenile Probation Department will keep the juvenile’s court records.[21]

 Who can access juvenile court records?

Court Personnel: Most court personnel are able to view juvenile court records. This includes judges, masters, juvenile probation officers, attorneys for the juvenile and Commonwealth, designated individuals from the public or private agency providing supervision or having custody of the juvenile, the Administrative Office of Pennsylvania Courts, the Department of Corrections or other state correctional institutions where the juvenile has been committed, the Sexual Offenders Assessment Board, the parole board, and the court or county probation official in a criminal matter.[22]

Schools: When a juvenile is found to be delinquent, the juvenile probation department must provide information to a child’s school, whether public, private or parochial.[23] For most adjudicated delinquents, the probation department provides the name and address of a child, the acts that a child committed, a brief description of the acts, and the disposition of the case.[24] However, if a child was adjudicated delinquent for a felony offense, the court will provide a juvenile’s school with information regarding the child’s prior delinquent history and supervision plan as well.[25] Any additional information will be shared with schools only as deemed necessary to protect public safety or to enable appropriate treatment, supervision, or rehabilitation of that child.[26] All information provided to schools is kept separate from a juvenile’s official school record so that it will not become accessible through a request for a juvenile’s school records.[27]

The Juvenile: A juvenile may view his/her own record.[28] In order to access personal records, a juvenile must fill out a request form (SP4-164 Form) available at http://openrecords.state.pa.us or https://epatch.state.pa.us.  Juveniles may also contact the probation officer in the county where they were adjudicated and request a copy of their court record.

Attorneys: An attorney representing a juvenile or an attorney representing the Commonwealth may review and copy information contained in a juvenile’s records. Attorneys, however, are not permitted to see reports revealing the names of confidential sources without a court order.[29]

What information is disclosed?

            When records are publicly available, the information is limited to a child’s name, age, address, the offenses charged, and the disposition of the case.[30]

What information does a juvenile court record contain?

Juvenile court records contain all court orders, court notices, docket entries, filed documents, evidence admitted into the record, and other court designated documents.[31] Because juvenile courts typically consider a child’s emotional, social, and school history, there may be records kept in the court file from a child’s treatment providers, school, and medical health providers.  This information remains private even if a record is opened to the public.[32] 

Sealing and Expunging Delinquency Files or Records

Do juveniles have the ability to seal or expunge arrest and court records?

Juveniles have the right to expunge personal court and police (including arrest) records. Expungement means that a juvenile’s records are completely destroyed and erased from the system.[33]

How does a juvenile expunge a record? 

            In order to be eligible for expungement,one of the following conditions must be met: [34]

  1. The charges against the juvenile were never substantiated and have been dropped,
  2. Six months have passed since a discharge from a consent decree or supervision,
  3. Five years have passed since an adjudication of delinquency, or
  4. The juvenile is over the age of eighteen.

If one of the above criteria is met, a juvenile may petition the court for expungement. In order to file a petition for expungement, a juvenile must file a motion with the court. The motion must contain a juvenile’s name, date of birth, the case docket number, the charges a juvenile is seeking to have expunged, the law enforcement agency that initiated the allegations, the reference number of the police report or written allegations to be expunged, the date of arrest, the disposition of the written allegation or petition, the reasons and statutory authority for expunging or destroying the records, and the agencies upon which certified copies of the court order shall be served.[35] The motion is also served upon the District Attorney. The motion will be granted thirty days after the district attorney receives notice unless good cause is shown why the expungement should not be granted.[36]

Who has access to expunged juvenile records?

            Expunged records are completely removed from the system. However, the prosecuting attorney and the central repository may maintain a list of the names and other criminal history information of individuals whose records have been expunged. This information may only be used for the purposes of determining eligibility for diversion programs, identifying individuals in criminal investigations or for determining the grading of subsequent offenses.[37] The information will also be disclosed to any court or law enforcement agency upon request.[38]

Challenging Court Record and Arrest Record Accuracy

A juvenile has a right to challenge and correct record information.[39] Correcting a record requires proof of identity and a statement specifying the inaccuracy and requested correction.[40] Record changes are subject to review, challenge, correction or appeal.[41]

Employment Opportunities

To access juvenile court records, employers must show a legitimate interest in the court proceeding.[42] A legitimate interest means that the person seeking access must have a direct involvement in the juvenile court proceedings or the events in question.[43]  The law says that adjudications or convictions may be considered by an employer if related to an applicant’s suitability for employment in the position for which he or she has applied.[44] However, law enforcement records that are open to the public (in cases where a juvenile was fourteen or older and charged with a felony or in serious felonies committed by twelve and thirteen year olds) are available to employers and will typically show up in a background check. 

Although it is important to answer employment applications truthfully, individuals should be aware that a juvenile adjudication is not a criminal conviction.[45] However, if transferred and tried as an adult, a juvenile will be convicted as an adult upon a finding of guilt. Therefore, a transferred juvenile convicted of a criminal offense is required to answer the question regarding past criminal convictions in the affirmative.

Can employers view juvenile records that have been expunged?

No, employers may not view records that have been expunged.

How should juveniles respond to inquires about a record on job applications?

            If adjudicated delinquent, a juvenile may respond “no” when asked about prior convictions.[46] However, if transferred and convicted in adult court, a juvenile must answer “yes.”

Collateral Consequences Affecting Elementary & Secondary Education Students

Can a complaint or charge brought against a juvenile affect elementary or high school education?

Any information provided to the juvenile’s public, private, or parochial school may not be used for admissions or disciplinary decisions concerning the delinquent child unless “the act or acts surrounding the adjudication took place on or within 1,500 feet of the school property.”[47] Further, a juvenile found in possession of a weapon on school property must be expelled.[48]

Are there any collateral consequences affecting access to state higher education?

            An adjudication in a juvenile delinquency proceeding is not a conviction of a crime and therefore, if an application asks about prior convictions, applicants may respond “no.” [49] However, if convicted in adult court, a juvenile must answer in the affirmative. Temple University does require an individual to disclose prior convictions, but the University of Pittsburgh and Lincoln University do not require any disclosure about past criminal behavior.[50] Pennsylvania State University also does not require disclosure about prior convictions. However, the application does ask about any dismissals or suspensions that have occurred in secondary schools.[51]

Collateral Consequences to Receipt of Public Benefits & Privileges

Will a juvenile record affect the chances of becoming a foster parent or adopting a child?

Individuals must pass a criminal history screening in order to apply to become a foster parent or an adoptive parent.[52] Individuals who are eighteen years old and live in the home of a prospective foster parent or adoptive parent are also subject to screening.[53] However, this disclosure does not include arrest notations, indictments or other information relating to the initiation of a criminal proceeding if, (1) no conviction occurred; (2) three years have elapsed since the date of arrest; and (3) no proceedings are pending seeking a conviction.[54] This disclosure also excludes juvenile adjudications. If any prospective foster parent, adoptive parent, or person over the age of eighteen residing in the home of a prospective foster or adoptive parent is found to be a perpetrator of child abuse, the agency will not approve the application if the child abuse occurred in the preceding five years.[55]

Can having a juvenile record affect eligibility for public housing?

            Anyone subject to the lifetime registration requirement under the state sex offender registration statute is ineligible for federally assisted housing.[56]  Public Housing Authorities also have the right to evict families and individuals in certain circumstances. For example, Public Housing Authorities have the right to evict families of delinquent children, even if the delinquent behavior does not occur on public housing property.[57] Authorities may also terminate a lease during its term if any tenant engages in drug related activities on or near the premises or engages in any activity resulting in a felony conviction.[58] Public Housing Authorities also maintain the right to terminate a lease when a tenant threatens the health, safety, or peaceful enjoyment, of other tenants or employees of the Public Housing Authority.[59] 

Can a juvenile record affect a driver’s license or permit?

            Pennsylvania requires the suspension of driving privileges for various violations of criminal statues and corresponding adjudications of delinquency.[60]  Juveniles will be denied a learner’s permits upon adjudication or conviction. According to Pennsylvania law, juveniles without a license at the time of suspension are ineligible to apply for a driver’s license or learner’s permit for the time period specified by the license suspension.[61] If a juvenile has a license at the time of suspension, the following adjudications and convictions will cause a temporary lose driving privileges:

School-related offenses: A suspension for six months is required for adjudications of delinquency relating to terroristic threats committed on school property.[62]

Drug-related offenses: Suspension is required for adjudications of delinquency relating to any offense involving the possession, sale, delivery, offering for sale, holding for sale or giving away of any controlled substance.[63]

DUI-related offenses: A suspension for three months is required for the offense of operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol.[64] A suspension for one year is required upon an adjudication or conviction for aggravated assault by vehicle while driving under the influence, and a suspension for three years is required upon adjudication or conviction for homicide by vehicle while driving under the influence.[65]

Alcohol-related offenses (non-vehicle): A suspension is required upon the conviction, adjudication of delinquency, or admissions into a pre-adjudication program for misrepresentation of age to secure liquor/malt/brewed beverages, for purchase, consumption, possession or transportation of such beverage, and for carrying a false identification card.[66] If a juvenile is found guilty of one of these offenses, a suspension for ninety days is required upon first offense, one year for a second offense, and two years for a third or subsequent offense.[67]

Vehicle Code Violations: Juveniles will have a license suspended for three years if convicted or adjudicated delinquent for vehicular homicide or have a license suspended for one year if convicted or adjudicated delinquent for:

  1. Accidents involving death or personal injury[68]
  2. Accidents involving death or personal injury while not properly licensed[69]
  3. Dealing in titles and plates for stolen vehicles[70]
  4. False application for certificate of title or registration[71]
  5. Altered, forged, or counterfeit documents and plates[72]
  6. Fleeing or attempting to elude a police officer[73]

Juveniles will also receive a suspension for six months[74] upon receiving a consent decree disposition for fleeing or attempting to elude a police officer, or if convicted or adjudicated delinquent for one of the following vehicle code violations:

  1. Racing on highways[75]
  2. Careless driving[76]
  3. Driving without lights to avoid identification or arrest[77]
  4. Reckless driving[78]
  5. Accidents involving damage to attended vehicle or property[79]

Lastly, juveniles will receive a suspension of operating privileges for three months for a conviction or adjudication for one of the following offenses:

  1. Operation following suspension of registration[80]
  2. Careless driving involving serious bodily injury[81]

Felony Adjudications Involving a Vehicle: If convicted or adjudicated delinquent for a felony in the commission of which a vehicle was essentially involved, a juvenile’s operating privileges will be suspended for one year.[82]

Special Offender Registries

When will a juvenile have to register as a sex offender?

            Pennsylvania does not require adjudicated juveniles to register as sex offenders.[83] If transferred to adult proceedings and convicted of certain offenses, however, a juvenile will be required to register.[84]

[1] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6307 (2010); 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6308 (2010).
[2] Pa. R. J. C. P. 120 (2005).
[3] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6341 (2010).
[4] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6354 (2010).
[5] Id.
[6] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6355 ( 2010).
[7] Id.
[8] Id.
[9] Id.
[10] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6336(e)(1) (2010). 
[11] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6336(e)(2) (2010). 
[12] Id. 
[13] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6308(c) (2010).
[14] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6308(a) (2010).
[15] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6308(b) (2010).
[16] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6308(a) (2010).
[17] 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 9102 (2010).
[18] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6307(b) (2010).
[19] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6308(a) (2010).
[20] Id.
[21] In some counties in Pennsylvania, the Clerk of Courts is the Juvenile Probation Officer.
[22] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6307 (2010); 42 Pa.Cons. Stat. Ann. §6308(b) (2010).
[23] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6341(b.1)(1) (2010).
[24] Id.
[25] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6341(b.1)(2) (2010).
[26] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6341(b.1)(3) (2010).
[27] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6341(b.1)(6) (2010).
[28] 37 Pa. Code § 200.802(a)(2) (2010).
[29] Id.

[30] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6307(b)(2) (2010).

[31] Pa. R. J. C. P. 166 (2005).

[32] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6352.1 (2010).

[33] Some governmental authorities retain access to expunged records.
[34] 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 9123 (2010).
[35] Pa. R. J. C. P. 170(B) (2005).
[36] 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 9123 (2010).
[37] 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 9122(c) (2010).
[38] Id.
[39] 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 9151(a) (2010).
[40] 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 9152(c) (2010).
[41] Id.
[42] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6307(a)(7) (2010).
[43] V.B.T. v. Family Services of W. Pennsylvania, 705 A.2d 1325 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1998).
[44] 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 9125(b) (2010).
[45] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6354(a) (2010).
[46] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6354(a) (2010).
[47] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6341(b)(1) (2010).
[48] 24 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 13-1317.2 (2010).
[49] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6354(a) (2010).
[50] See Applications for undergraduate admission
Temple University, http://www.temple.edu/undergrad/applying/documents/414-0809Loose_App.pdf; University of Pittsburgh https://www.admissions.pitt.edu/contact.asp;
Lincoln University http://02bee66.netsolhost.com/admissions/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=43
[51] See Application for undergraduate admission, Pennsylvania State University
https://www.admissions.psu.edu/my_admissions/pdf/AppForm.pdf
[52] 23 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6344(d) (2010).
[53] Id.
[54] 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 9121(b)(2) (2010).
[55] 23 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6344(d) (2010).
[56] 42 U.S.C. § 13663 (Westlaw 2010 through P.L. 111-160).
[57] See Dep't of Hous. & Urban Dev. v. Rucker, 535 U.S. 125, 133-136, 122 S. Ct. 1230, 152 L. Ed. 2d 258 (2002).
[58] 42 U.S.C. § 1437f(d)(1)(B)(iii) (Westlaw 2010 through P.L. 111-160); 42 U.S.C. § 1437d(k) (Westlaw 2010 through P.L. 111-160).
[59] 42 U.S.C. § 1437f(d)(1)(B)(iii) (Westlaw 2010 through P.L. 111-160); 42 U.S.C. § 1437d(k) (Westlaw 2010 through P.L. 111-160).
[60] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 1532 (2010).
[61] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 1541(a) (2010).
[62] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 1532(C)(1) (2010).
[63] Id.
[64] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 1532 (2010).
[65] Id.
[66] 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 6307 (2010); 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6308 (2010); 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6310.3 (2010).
[67] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 1532(d) (2010).
[68] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 3742 (2010).
[69] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 3742.1 (2010).
[70] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 7111 (2010).
[71] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 7121 (2010).
[72] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 7122 (2010).
[73] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 3733 (2010).
[74] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 1532(b) (2010). 
[75] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 3367 ( 2010).
[76] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 3714 (2010).
[77] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 3734 (2010).
[78] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 3736 ( 2010).
[79] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 3743 (2010).
[80] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 1371 (2010).
[81] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 3714(c) (2010).
[82] 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 1532(a) (2010).
[83] 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 9795.1 (2010); 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6354(a) (2010).
[84] Neal F. Wilson, Note, No Child Left Behind: The Adam Walsh Act and Pennsylvania Juvenile Sex Offenders, 70 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 327, 333 (2008); 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann § 9795.1(a) (2010).

Think About It - PA

A Juvenile Record Can…

PREVENT you from:

  • Getting a job
  • Getting accepted to college or graduate school
  • Joining the military
  • Becoming a U.S. citizen

You MAY be…

  • SUSPENDED or EXPELLED from school.
  • Required to register as a sex offender.
  • EVICTED from public housing. 

In Pennsylvania the following consequences are AUTOMATIC:

Your record is NOT automatically private, the following do have access:

  • The general public
  • School officials
  • Potential Employers

For More Information:

42 U.S.C. § 13663(a) (2010).
42 U.S.C. § 1437n(f)(1) (2010)
24 C.F.R. § 966.4(l)(5)(i)(A)
24 C.F.R. § 966.4(l)(2)(iii) (2010)
24 C.F.R. § 966.4(l)(5)(i)(B)
42 U.S.C. § 13661(b)(2) (2010)
24 C.F.R. § 982.553(a)(1)(i)(A) 42 PA. CONS. STAT. ANN. § 6307(b) (2010).
42 PA. CONS. STAT. ANN. § 6308(a) (2010).
75 PA. CONS. STAT. ANN. § 1532(C)(1) (2010).
75 PA. CONS. STAT. ANN § 1532 (2010).
18 PA. CONS. STAT. ANN § 6307 (2010);
18 PA. CONS. STAT. ANN. § 6308 (2010);
18 PA. CONS. STAT. ANN. § 6310.3 (2010).